Dutchman's Breeches - Plant, most important love charm, thrown by young swain at his intended to hit her with it. Root chewed by young swain and breath attracts girl, even against her will. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81.
Black Ash - Inner bark used as a seasoner for medicines. Wood used for bows and arrows. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 43 and 75.
Black Oak - Decoction of crushed bark used as a wash for sore eyes. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 36.
Black Raspberry - Root used with Hypericum sp. for consumption in the first stages. Berries eaten fresh, not important as a fresh fruit. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 50 and 71.
Blackberry - Infusion of root used as a wash for sore eyes. Poultice of infusion of root used for unspecified ailments. Berries eaten fresh. Berries made into pies. Berries dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 50 and 71. Simple or compound decoction of root used for dysentery. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131.
Blackberry - Infusion of root used as a wash for sore eyes. Poultice of infusion of root used for unspecified ailments. Berries eaten fresh. Berries made into pies. Berries dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 50 and 71. Simple or compound decoction of root used for dysentery. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131.
Cattail Root - Root used as a natural oakum for caulking leaks in boats. Leaves used to make mats to cover the winter lodges. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77.
Corn - Scorched or parched corn often used as a substitute for coffee. Parched, ground corn mixed with bear oil and used as trail ration. Roasted popcorn pounded into a meal added to dried venison, maple sugar or wild rice or all three. Ears roasted and made into hominy. Ears parboiled and the kernels sun dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66.
Maple-leaved Viburnum - Infusion of inner bark taken for cramps. Infusion of inner bark taken for colic. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 28-29.
Mandrake (May Apple) - Fresh, ripe fruits eaten. Fresh, ripe fruits preserved. Decoction of whole plant sprinkled on potato plants to kill potato bugs. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 25, 26 and 62.
White Pine - Infusion of bark, an important medicine, taken for chest pain. Poultice of pounded bark applied to wounds, sores or ulcers. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 46. Poultice of pounded inner bark applied to sores. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132.
White Oak - Inner bark used in compounds. Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, ground, sifted and made into pie. Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, ground, sifted and made into mush with bear oil seasoning. Acorns boiled, simmered to remove lye, ground, sifted, cooked in soup stock to flavor and eaten. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66.
Wild Strawberries - Berries eaten fresh. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71.
Jack in the Pulpit - Poultice of pulverized root applied to sore eyes. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 23. Compounded pulverized root used in lip incision to counteract 'witchery' to face. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 129.
Large-Flowered Trilium - Decoction of root taken for 'irregularity of the menses.' Infusion of grated root taken for cramps. Decoction of root purified man after intercourse with menstruating woman. Poultice of grated, raw root applied to eye swellings. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 41. Infusion of root used as a diuretic. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131.
Balm of Gilead (Balsam Poplar) - Decoction of resinous buds in fat used in the nostrils for a headcold. Decoction of resinous buds in fat used as a salve for wounds. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 52.
Sneezeweed - Compound infusion of flower heads taken 'for its alterative effects.' Simple or compound snuff of flowers caused sneezing to clear a stuffy headcold. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 30, 31. Compound of dried flowers applied to small cuts made on temples for headache. Snuff of compounded flowers used to cause sneezing for headaches. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 129.
Wild Bergamot - Simple or compound infusion of leaves and flowers used as a universal remedy for catarrh. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 39. Decoction of stem and leaves used as strengthening bath for infants. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133.
Fragrant Bedstraw - Infusion of herb used 'to clear up kidney troubles.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51.
Staghorn Sumac - Inner bark considered astringent and used as a valuable pile remedy. Infusion of root bark taken for 'inward troubles.' Hairy twigs of smaller shrubs used for various 'female diseases.' Compound containing berries taken for consumption and pulmonary troubles. Roots boiled for yellow dye. Infusion of dried berries used as a beverage very similar to lemonade. Berries dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 62. Decoction of 'red top' sweetened, strained, 'boiled down' and used for coughs. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 130.
Prince's Pine (Pipsissewa) - Plant used as a seasoner to make female remedies taste good. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 35. Decoction of leaves taken to 'clear the blood.' Compound decoction of root taken after childbirth to aid internal healing. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, pages 129 and 133.
Bearberry (Kinnikinnick) - Dried leaves used as a seasoner to make certain female remedies taste good. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 35.
Hazelnut - Inner bark used 'with other herbs as a binder to cement the virtues of all.' Nuts, in the milk stage, eaten. Nuts, in the milk stage, dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63.
Catnip - Compound infusion taken and poultice applied to chest for pneumonia. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 39. Decoction of whole plant, except root, taken to produce perspiration. Decoction of whole plant, except root, taken to produce restful sleep. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132.
Prickly Ash - Infusion of berries used as a seasoner in medicines. Infusion of berries sprayed from mouth onto sores. Poultice of root bark applied to swellings in special rite. Infusion of berries taken for minor maladies. Infusion of berries sprayed on the chest or throat for bronchial diseases. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 51 and 52. Poultice of pounded inner bark used for rheumatism and sharp pains. Decoction of inner bark used for cold settled in the chest. Compound infusion taken and rubbed on body to quiet person near convulsions. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, pages 128, 130, and 133.
Butterfly Weed - Simple or compound poultice of pulverized root used on cuts, wounds and bruises. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 25. Poultice of root used or decoction taken for bruises and swellings. Poultice of root used or decoction taken for lameness. Decoction of pounded root taken as a tonic. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132.
Blue-eyed Grass - Root used for poisonous bite inflicted by horse which has eaten root. Roots mixed with horse feed to make horse sleek, vicious and bite poisonous. Plant kept in house or pocket as a charm to ward off snakes. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 38. Compound decoction of plant taken to help expel afterbirth. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133.
Plantainleaf Sedge - Root used as a charm to prevent snakebite and spittle from chewed root used on snakebite. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 34.
Prairie Willow - Root taken from shrub bearing insect galls and used for dysentery and diarrhea. Root taken only from shrub bearing insect galls and used for spasmodic colic. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 52. Decoction of stalk taken as a general tonic. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133.
Sweet Fern - Plant used as a seasoner and potent medicine in childbirth. Compound containing leaves sprinkled on medicine to kill a hated person. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 42. Compound decoction of root taken as a mild tonic. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133.
Leatherwood - Infusion of roots taken as a diuretic. Infusion of root taken as a diuretic for kidney troubles. Bark or twigs used for cordage. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 54 and 76.
Eastern Arborvitae - Infusion of dried inner bark taken during a cold to treat suppressed menses. Inner bark used as a seasoner for enhancing medicines. Plant used in the sudatory. Smudge of leaves used to revive 'lost consciousness.' Bark used to weave bags. Leaves used as moth balls and clothes stored away with layers of leaf sprays to keep out the moths. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 46, 76, and 81. Compound poultice of dried, powdered leaves applied to swellings. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 134.
Scouringrush Horsetail - Decoction of rushes taken after childbirth 'to clear up the system.' Decoction of rushes taken for kidney troubles. Used as a scouring rush for pots and pans. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 75.
Woodland Horsetail - Poultice of pulverized stem applied to stop bleeding. Infusion of stems used for dropsy. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 35.
Wild Rose (Carolina Rose) - Fruit skin eaten for stomach troubles. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 50.
New Jersey Tea - Infusion of roots used as a cure all for stomach troubles. Dried leaves used as a substitute for Ceylon black tea. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70. Decoction of root taken for cough with a 'tendency to consumption.' Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 130.
Black Cherry - Cherries eaten fresh. Cherries, if eaten when picked and allowed to stand some time, said to make the Indian drunk. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71.
Black Cherry - Cherries eaten fresh. Cherries, if eaten when picked and allowed to stand some time, said to make the Indian drunk. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71.
Mullein - Root used for pulmonary disease. Leaf gathered and smoked as an Indian tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53.
Wild Crane's Bill (Spotted Geranium) - Root used for 'flux and like troubles.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 36 and 37.
Angelica - Poultice of cooked, pounded root applied to painful areas. Poultice of cooked, pounded root applied to swellings. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 55.
American Fly Honeysuckle - Bark used for urinary diseases. Compound containing bark used for gonorrhea. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 27.
Raspberry - Root used as a seasoner for medicines. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 50.
Bittersweet - Palatable inner bark would sustain life when food was hard to get. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63.
St. John's Wort - Compounded with blackcap raspberry root and used for kidney troubles. Compound containing root used for weak lungs and as a specific for consumption. Root, thought to be a 'specific,' used in the first stages of consumption. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 37 and 38.
Ginseng - Root used in some war bundles and hunting bundles. Plant acted as a tonic and 'strengthener of mental powers.' Root chewed by hunters to impart a lure to the breath and to attract deer. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 24 and 80.
Groundnut - Roots cooked with maple sugar and superior to candied yams. Peeled, parboiled, sliced roots dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 68.
Fernleaf Licoriceroot - Root used for many ailments. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 55.
Yellow Pimpernel - Plant used as a seasoner to make various female remedies taste good. Infusion of root taken for pulmonary troubles. Steeped root chewed for 'bronchial affections.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 56.
Wooly Sweet Cicely (Clayton's Sweetroot) - Branch or piece of root eaten cautiously for losing flesh, a fattener. Root eaten 'to enable one to put on flesh.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 55 and 72.
Wild Rice - Rice cooked with deer broth, pork or butter and seasoned with maple sugar. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 67.
Swamp Valerian (Mountain Valerian) - Infusion of root taken for cramps and 'disorders of the head.' Large doses of plant produced purging. Poultice of pulverized root applied to cuts and wounds. Root chewed and spit on fishhook to lure fish to Indian, but not to white man. Large doses of plant produced mental stupor. Infusion of root taken for 'disorders of the throat and lungs.' Plant used as a 'feeble sedative to the nervous system.' Root held in mouth while arguing to keep opponent from winning argument. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 57.
Bishop's Cap (Twoleaf Miterwort) - Seed used as the sacred bead and swallowed in the medicine dance, during the reinstatement ceremony. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81.
Hoary Puccoon - White, ripened seed used as a sacred bead in the Midewewin ceremony. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80. Compound infusion taken and rubbed on body to quiet person near convulsions. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 128.
Indian Paintbrush - Herb secreted onto the person who is the object of the enamor, a love charm. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 81.
Wood Betony (Canadian Lousewort) - Root carried on the person who is contemplating making love advances. Chopped root added to feed to make pony fat and vicious to all but its owner. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 53 and 81.
Purple Pitcherplant - Plant thought to be used by sorcerers. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 52, 53.
Dragon Root (Green Dragon) - Plant used for 'female disorders.' Root used in sacred bundles and gave the power of supernatural dreams to the owner. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 23 and 79.
Yellow Lady's Slipper - Plant used in 'female disorders.' Plant used in sacred bundles to induce dreams of the supernatural. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 44.
Hemlock - Infusion of inner bark taken for abdominal pains. Infusion of inner bark taken, one quart required, for cold. Leaves used in the sudatory. Infusion of inner bark used for abdominal pains. Boiled bark used for dark red coloring. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 46 and 78. Herbal steam from compound containing branches used for swellings. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 134.
Tamarack - Poultice of bark used for unspecified ailments. Infusion of bark 'drives out inflammation and generates heat.' Infusion of bark given to horses 'to better their condition from distemper.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45.
Mouse-Ear Everlasting (Woman's Tobacco)
Common Milkweed - Outer bark used for making cords. Outer bark used for sewing thread. Outer bark used for making cords for fishlines. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74. Buds eaten or decoction of root used for chest discomfort. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 130.
King Soloman's Seal - Smudge of compound containing dried root used to revive unconscious patient. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 41. Compound poultice of boiled, mashed root applied for sharp pains. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 134.
Prickly Gooseberry - Berries used in favorite aboriginal Menomini dish. Berries preserved. Berries stored for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71.
Wild Mint (Canadian Mint) - Compound infusion taken and poultice applied to chest for pneumonia. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 39. Infusion of whole plant used for fever. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132.
Shagbark Hickory
Popcorn - Roasted popcorn pounded into a meal added to dried venison, maple sugar or wild rice or all three. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66.
Sand Cherry - Berries eaten fresh. Berries sometimes gathered and preserved. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 71.
Softstern Bulrush - Bleached, dried rushes sewn with basswood string used for covering & side walls of medicine lodges. Bleached, sun dried rushes used to weave mats. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 74.
Spreading Dogbane - Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and cord plaited into heavier ropes. Outer bark or rind used as the finest thread material. Plant stalk sucked by hunters to imitate fawn wanting its mother, a doe magnet. Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and used for bow strings. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 73 and 79.
Bracken Fern - Decoction of root taken for 'caked breast' and a dog whisker used to pierce teat. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 48.
Cinnamon Fern - Used to promote the flow of milk and for caked breasts. Frond tips simmered to remove the ants, added to soup stock and thickened with flour. Shoots eaten by hunters to have same scent as shoot eating deer, deer will not be frightened away. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70.
Flowering Fern (Royal Fern) - Roots used medicinally for unspecified purpose. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 44.
Ostrich Fern
Maidenhair Fern
Hubbard Squash
Yellow Pondlily - Poultice of dried, powdered root applied to cuts and swellings. Rhizomes cooked in the same manner as rutabagas. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 42, 43 and 69.
Jack Pine - Every part of tree used as a medicine. Small, boiled roots used as cords to sew birch bark canoe and stitching sealed with pitch or resin. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 45 and 75.
Balsam Fir - Inner bark used as a seasoner for medicines. Infusion of inner bark taken for chest pain. Liquid balsam pressed from trunk used for colds. Liquid balsam pressed from trunk used for pulmonary troubles. Poultice of fresh inner bark used for unspecified illnesses. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45. Gum from plant blisters applied to sores. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132.
Yarrow - Poultice of leaves used on children's rash and fresh tops used to rub on eczema. Infusion of leaves used for fevers. Poultice of leaves used for 'the rash of children.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 28 and 29. Poultice of dried, powdered leaves applied to swellings and sores. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132.
Juneberry (Serviceberry) - Berries dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70.
Edible Valerian - Poultice of pulverized root applied to painful, bleeding cuts and wounds. Root used as a tapeworm medicine. Poultice of pulverized root applied to draw out inflammation of boils. Poultice of pulverized root applied to painful, bleeding cuts and wounds. Pulverized root placed on painful and bleeding cuts. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 57.
Yellow Marshmarigold - Leaves used as greens. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 70.
Slippery Elm - Infusion of inner bark taken as a physic. Poultice of inner bark applied to draw pus from a wound. Boiled bark used to make baskets and fish nets. Boiled bark used to make matting. Boiled bark used to make nets for snowshoes. Boiled bark used to make matting, baskets, fish nets and nets for snowshoes. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 56, 57 and 77.
Indian Spikenard - Root used to make a drink taken for stomachache. Root used in cases of blood poisoning and as a poultice for sores. Poultice of root applied to sores and used for blood poisoning. Root used to make a drink said to be good for stomachache. An aboriginal Menomini dish was spikenard root, wild onion, wild gooseberry and sugar. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 24 and 62.
Indian Spikenard - Root used to make a drink taken for stomachache. Root used in cases of blood poisoning and as a poultice for sores. Poultice of root applied to sores and used for blood poisoning. Root used to make a drink said to be good for stomachache. An aboriginal Menomini dish was spikenard root, wild onion, wild gooseberry and sugar. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 24 and 62.
Large Tooth Cress
Chokecherry - Infusion of inner bark or decoction of berries taken for diarrhea. Poultice of pounded inner bark applied to man or beast for wounds or galls. Sweetened infusion of inner bark given to children for diarrhea. Poultice of inner bark applied to heal a wound or gall on man or beast. Bark boiled into regular tea and drunk with meals. Cherries eaten fresh.Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 49 and 71. Decoction of inner bark used for lung trouble. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 130.
Wood Betony (Canadian Lousewort) - Root carried on the person who is contemplating making love advances. Chopped root added to feed to make pony fat and vicious to all but its owner. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 53 and 81.
Sundial Lupine - Plant used to fatten a horse and make him spirited and full of fire. Plant rubbed on hands or body to give person power to control horses. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 40.
False Spikenard
Butternut - Syrup from sap used as a standard 'physic.' Bark boiled with blue clay to obtain a deep black color. Juice of nut husk used as a brown dye for deerskin shirts. Used in the same way that the white man did. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 38, 39, 68 and 78.
Butternuts - Syrup from sap used as a standard 'physic.' Bark boiled with blue clay to obtain a deep black color. Juice of nut husk used as a brown dye for deerskin shirts. Used in the same way that the white man did. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 38, 39, 68 and 78.
Bloodroot - Root often added to medicines to strengthen their effect. Fresh root used to paint the face of a warrior. Boiled root used to dye mats orange red. Boiled root used to dye mats red. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 44 and 78. Compound decoction of root used for irregular periods. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133.
High Bush Cranberry - Berries used for food. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63.
Cranberry - Berries sweetened with maple sugar and eaten. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 65.
Lowbush Blueberries - Sun dried berries and dried sweet corn sweetened with maple sugar and stored for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 66.
Liverleaf
Cynthia
White Spruce - Poultice of cooked, beaten inner bark applied to wounds, cuts or swellings. Infusion of inner bark taken for 'inward troubles for either man or woman.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45.
Cowparsnip - Herb used in the hunting bundle and smudged for four days to remove the charm. An evil medicine used by sorcerers. Plant smudged to drive away the evil spirit, whose special mission was to steal one's hunting luck. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 55 and 81.
Wild Leek - Large, wild onion dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 69.
Scarlet Elderberry - Decoction of peeled twigs, a drastic purgative, taken for severe constipation. Decoction of inner bark and rind taken as a powerful emetic. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 27 and 28. Decoction of scraped inner bark used as a quick emetic in cases of poisoning. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131.
American Witchhazel - Seeds used as the sacred bead in the medicine ceremony. Decoction rubbed on legs during sports, to keep legs limber. Infusion of twigs used to 'cure a lame back.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 37. Dried seeds used in a test to tell whether sick person would recover. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 120.
Alternateleaf Dogwood - Bark liquid injected rectally and poultice of bark applied to anus for diarrhea. One reported case: poultice of bark plus something else cured facial cancer. Bark used to make a liquid and injected rectally for piles. Plant used for Indian tobacco, known as 'kinnikinnick.' Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 32, 33 and 80.
Sweetscented Joe Pye Weed - Plant used for diseases of the genito-urinary canal. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 30. Compound decoction of root taken after childbirth 'for internal healing.' Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133.
Blue Vervain (Swamp Verbena) - Infusion of root taken to 'clear up cloudy urine.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 58.
Slender Nettle (California Nettle) - Plant made into hemp twine and used to make fiber bags. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77.
Spreading Dogbane - Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and cord plaited into heavier ropes. Outer bark or rind used as the finest thread material. Plant stalk sucked by hunters to imitate fawn wanting it's mother, a doe magnet. Three strands of outer bark plaited into a very strong cord and used for bow strings. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 73 and 79.
Canadian Woodnettle - Plant made into hemp twine and used to make fiber bags. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77.
Rough Heuchera (Alumroot) - Infusion of root used for diarrhea. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53. Compound decoction of root used for stomach pain. Raw root eaten for 'disordered stomach.' Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 130.
Ground Hemlock (Canada Yew) - Herbal steam from branches used in sudatory for rheumatism and numbness. Branches used in herbal steam for rheumatism, numbness and paralysis. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 54.
Beech - Inner bark of the trunk and root used in medicinal compounds. Beechnuts stored for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 36 and 66.
Skunk Cabbage - Root used as a seasoner with medicines. Root used for cramps. Poultice of dried root applied to wounds. Root hairs used for hemorrhages. Root used in tattooing, as a talisman against the return of diseases. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 23 and 24. Compound infusion of dried, powdered root used by children and adults for convulsions. Decoction of root used for 'weak heart.' Compound infusion used by children or adults for convulsions. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, pages 128 and 129.
Wild Onion (Meadow Garlic) - Small, wild onion used for food. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 69.
Wood Rush (Woodland Horsetail) - Poultice of pulverized stem applied to stop bleeding. Infusion of stems used for dropsy. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 35.
Frost Grape - Seed or juice used to remove foreign matter from eyes. Berries eaten dried. Berries eaten fresh. Berries eaten preserved or jellied. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 58 and 72. Ripe grape squeezed into eye to remove rice husk at rice-making camp. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 134.
Hooked Crowsfoot (Blisterwort) - Boiled root used for red coloring. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 79.
Spotted Touch-Me-Not (Jewelweed) - Whole plant used to make an orange yellow dye. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78.
Sweet Cicely
Common Ninebark - Bark used to make a drink for female maladies, to cleanse system and enhance fertility. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 49.
Blackseed Plantain - Poultice of specific sides of leaf applied to swellings and other ailments. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 46 and 47. Poultice of fresh leaves applied to burn or any inflammation. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132.
Mountain Maple - Leaves used as design for bead work and applique work. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 73.
Peppermint
Sweet Coltsfoot - Decoction of root used for itch. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 31.
Virginia Waterleaf (Shawnee Salad) - Astringent root used for flux. Leaves wilted in maple sap vinegar, simmered and boiled in fresh water with pork and fine meal. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 37 and 68. Compound decoction of root used for chest pain. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 130.
Threeleaf Goldthread - Astringent root used as a wash for oral cankers and babies' teething pains. Root yielded astringent mouth wash for sore throat and teething babies. Roots used in astringent mouthwash for babies with sore throats. Roots used in astringent mouthwash for teething babies. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 48.
Goldenrod - Plant used in medicine. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 31. Snuff of dried, powdered leaves used for headache. Compound of powdered, dried leaves inserted in nostrils to check nosebleed. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, pages 129 and 132.
Common Dandelion - Leaves cooked with maple sap vinegar for a dish of greens. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 65.
Northern Bush Honeysuckle - Infusion of root taken as a mild diurient. Infusion of root used for senility and as a mild diurient. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 27. Compound decoction of stalk used to 'clear the blood.' Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 129.
Indian Potatoes - Deep purple potatoes used for food. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 72.
Tree Lichen
Tree Lichen
Three Leaved Hop Tree - Root bark used as a seasoner and to render other medicines potent. Root considered a sacred medicine and credited with all sorts of cures. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51.
Arumleaf Arrowhead - Boiled, sliced potatoes strung on a string for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 61.
Eastern Swamp Saxifrage - Remedy known as 'the rabbit's ear,' less famous than Valeriana uliginosa. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 53.
Buckbean - Plant used in medicines. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 36.
Spiked Water Milfoil - Some plants of this class used in medicines. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 37.
Ladies Sorrel (Creeping Woodsorrel) - Boiled whole plant used as a yellow dye. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78.
Hoary Alder (Mountain Alder) - Infusion of root bark taken to congest loose mucous during a cold. Infusion of root bark used as an astringent, healing wash for sores. Poultice of inner bark applied to swellings. Infusion of root bark used as a wash for horses with saddle gall. Bark boiled and cloth or material immersed in boiling liquid as a reddish brown dye. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 26 and 78.
Speckled Alder - Infusion of inner bark used as an alterative. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 26.
Trillium - Decoction of root taken for 'irregularity of the menses.' Infusion of grated root taken for cramps. Decoction of root purified man after intercourse with menstruating woman. Poultice of grated, raw root applied to eye swellings. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 41. Infusion of root used as a diuretic. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131.
American Basswood - Basswood fiber used for baskets and fish nets. Bast and bark fiber used for cordage. Basswood fiber used for matting. Basswood fiber used for nets for snowshoes. Basswood fiber used for matting, baskets, fish nets and nets for snowshoes. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 76.
Partridgeberry - Infusion of leaves taken 'to cure insomnia.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 51. Decoction of leaves used for 'diseases of women.' Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 133.
Wintergreen (Eastern Teaberry) - Infusion of leaf and berry taken for rheumatism. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 35.
Blue Cohosh - Decoction of root taken to suppress profuse menstruation. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 25.
Blue Cohosh - Decoction of root taken to suppress profuse menstruation. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 25.
Pennsylvania Smartweed - Infusion of leaf taken for 'hemorrhage of blood from the mouth.' Compound infusion of leaf taken to aid post-partum healing. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 47.
Pumpkin - Pulverized seeds taken in water 'to facilitate the passage of urine.' Squash cut into strips or rings and dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 33 and 65.
Eastern Leatherwood - Infusion of roots taken as a diuretic. Infusion of root taken as a diuretic for kidney troubles.Bark or twigs used for cordage. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 54 and 76.
Sweet Flag (Calamus) - Root, a very powerful remedy, used for stomach cramps. Root used as a 'good physic for the whole system, clearing the bile and all.' Root used for stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 22 and 23. Compound decoction of root used for irregular periods. Root chewed or decoction of root used as cold remedy. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, pages 130 and 133.
Squash - Squash cut into strips or rings and dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 65.
Sweetgrass (Vanilla Grass) - Grass used in basketry and as a perfume. Grass used in basketry and as a perfume. Wet grass used for sewing, dried tight and resin used over the stitches. Grass used to burn as an oblation to the deities. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 75.
Nannyberry - Berries used for food. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 63.
Shepherd's Purse - Infusion of plant used as a wash for poison ivy. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 33. Infusion of whole plant used as a wash for poison ivy. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 134.
Virginia Peppergrass (Virginia Pepperweed) - Infusion of plant used as a wash or bruised plant used for poison ivy. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 33.
Culver's Root - Root used as a strong physic. Used as a 'reviver' to purify whoever had been defiled by touch of bereaved. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, pages 53 and 54. Strong decoction of root taken as powerful cathartic. Strong decoction of root taken as powerful emetic. Infusion of root taken as a mild laxative. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131.
